有这样的一类组合游戏,对于任一个游戏局面,游戏双方的合法决策都完全一样,游戏对战双方的唯一区别就是看谁先走。这样的游戏叫做Impartial Games。像什么报数啊,取火柴啊,取石子啊,这些游戏都属于Impartial Games;而象棋、围棋等要分棋子颜色的游戏则不属于Impartial Games。共享状态的游戏几乎没有可玩性,因为游戏开始前我们就能知道谁赢谁输(如果双方均使用最佳策略)。棋局的任一状态只有两种,面对这个棋局的人要么必胜要么必败。考虑这样的一个递推关系:如果一个状态是必胜态,那至少有一种走法能走成一个必败态留给对方;如果一个状态是必败态,那它怎么走都只能走到必胜态。运用这样的关系,我们可以自底向上推出初始状态是必胜还是必败。
近来有人提出一个名为Atropos的游戏,它就是一个即使计算机也很难办的Impartial Game,它能保证这个游戏仍然具有可玩性。游戏在一个Sperner三角形上进行,上图就是一个边长为7的Sperner三角形。游戏开始后,双方依次在白色的圆圈里涂上红色、绿色或者蓝色,已经涂过颜色的圆圈不能再涂色。另外,只要有可能,所涂的圆圈都必须紧挨着上次对方涂的那个圆圈。谁先涂出三种颜色都有的小三角形,谁就输掉这场游戏。
注意这个游戏是不可能出现平局的。当所有白色圆圈全部涂上了颜色后,至少会出现一个红绿蓝小三角形。为了证明这一点,我们可以在所有的绿色和红色圆圈中间画一个箭头,红的在箭头右边,绿的在箭头左边。这些箭头一定组成了一条一条的路径,它们既不会交汇也不会分岔。但整个图的边界上进来的箭头有4个,出去的箭头只有3个,于是至少有一条路径在里面走死了,也即迎面碰上了蓝色的圆圈。这样,我们就找到了一个红绿蓝三色都有的小三角形。
这个游戏虽然属于Impartial Games,但它仍然具有可玩性。从直觉上看,这个游戏中的先手后手几乎没有区别,谁也不占优势。这篇论文则严格证明了,判断Atropos游戏的最佳策略属于PSPACE-complete,这是所有使用多项式空间的问题中最难的一类,所有使用多项式空间的问题都可以(在多项式的时间内)约化到它。这说明,Atropos游戏没有什么很显然的“决窍”,即使利用计算机也很难确定最优决策。
在线游戏:http://cs-people.bu.edu/paithan/spernerGame/SpernerGame.html (Java Applet)
查看更多:http://cs-people.bu.edu/paithan/spernerGame/
sofa~~~~~~~~~
又一个~~~^_^~~~~
昨晚我杂没看见这贴呢?
奇怪,没坐到沙发.
游戏在一个Sperner三角形上进行,上图就是一个边长为7的Sperner三角形。
这种证明很有意思[razz]
Matrix67的思维杂练出来的?
在百度词典上查您的名字的中文翻译,是子宫67……
以前在一本数学课外书中看到围棋理论上来说先手是有必胜策略的,要不也不会有贴目这些规定
中国象棋有没有先手必胜的策略啊?
杂还不更新捏?
我还等沙发呢..一日看三回,看的花儿落…
烦躁,郁闷,焦虑,………中[phone]也不响.
多么像五行棋呀!
”如果一个状态是必败态,那它怎么走都只能走到必胜态。“?
“从直觉上看,这个游戏中的先手后手几乎没有区别,谁也不占优势。”
从鄙人的直觉上看,被逼走最后一步的人一定会输,也就是说,两个人轮流下,那么在开局前通过估算让自己不走最后一步的人胜算要大些(具体大多少没有分析,可能是大很多,也可能是只占微弱优势,直觉哈),所以,在开局前力争拿到有利位置还是很重要的(就是尽量让自己走先手或者走后手。)
Orz地核的五行棋……(幻想游戏?)
这个一定有三个顶点不同色是一个经典的图论证明……
关于 impartial game ,应该不仅仅是合法走法完全一致,应该还有一点任何状态对博弈双方的回报也是相同的。有个 paper & pencil 游戏 paper soccer 就是双方的合法走法都是一样,但是双方的游戏目的不一样,应该不算 impartial game ,但是不知道这个游戏有没有必胜策略。
Chomp (finite/transfinite)也是很有意思的impartial game。
感觉在下棋。哈哈
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