Morpion Solitaire是一个非常简单的单人棋类游戏。游戏开始前棋盘上摆好了36个棋子，这些棋子排成一个空心的十字架形。以后你放上去的每个棋子都必须和已有的四个子连成一条线（左图所示，就像五子棋那样）。唯一需要注意的是，同一个棋子在同一个方向上只能使用一次（即同一方向上的连线不能重叠，否则你就可以一条直线无限摆下去了）。每放下一个新的棋子你就得到1分，再没有新的棋子可摆时游戏结束。
    人们开始好奇，游戏最多可以走多少步。上面的右图一共走了68步，这个记录从99年开始一直保持了7年，直到06年才有人改进到了74步。最近，又一个新的记录诞生了，有人找到了一种79步的解法。它的解法如下图所示：
  

    这个游戏看似简单，但你真正玩一下你会发现游戏变化莫测。很可能这一次你走了60多步，但下一次你却只能走40多步。这是一个打发时间的绝佳方法，仅仅需要一张纸和一支笔就可以混过大半节古代汉语课，没准一不小心就破了世界纪录。有兴趣的话不妨也写个程序来搜索一下，看看你的程序能不能跑出一个80的解来。目前解的上界是141，下界是79，任何改进都可以发信到这个页面里的电子邮箱。

    这个游戏的另一个版本则是要求构造新的连线时已有的四个子中任两个都还不曾连接过（而不是同一棋子同一方向只能用一次），你可以在这里玩到一个在线的Java版本。这个版本更是变化多端，运气不好只能走出40多步，RP爆发可以超过150步，目前已经证明的上界则是324步。如果你能走到160步，你可以联系这里给出的邮箱地址（为什么我要翻墙才能看到这个页面？）。目前的最好记录是170步，如下图所示：
  

    今年的解谜游戏设计比赛(Puzzle Design Competition)作品目录已经出炉，我从里面挑选了一些比较有意思的玩意儿和大家分享一下。更多的作品（共55个）可以在上面的那个链接里看到。

Baby Duck Case

要求把五只鸭子全部放进盒子里。

Cheese and Mouse

把老鼠（一个圆形）和奶酪都放进盒子里。谜题的构造很容易让人产生定势思维，能想到解法（右图）的人并不多。

Cubature of the Ball

    这个谜题在一个透明的立方体里进行。立方体的内部空间分成了八等份，里面有六个可以滑动的小立方体，有一个直径稍大一点的钢珠，另外还有一块与小立方体大小相同的空白区域。钢珠是嵌在小立方体表面上的沟槽里的，游戏的目标就是把这个钢珠取出来。你可以把小立方体滑动到那个空白的空间，但每一次移动小立方体后，可供钢珠滑动的轨道都会发生变化。

Digits in a Box

把十块积木放进盒子里，然后盖上盒子的盖子。

Forest Puzzle

游戏目标：把环取下来，再上回去。

Magnetic Super Dice

    把27个小骰子拼接成一个大骰子，大骰子的每个面上必须都是9个相同的点数。有些小骰子的面上有磁铁，拼接时必须满足对接面上的磁极异性，最后得到的大骰子就是靠磁力粘起来的。

Void Cube

另类魔方，一看就明白，不用多解释了。

Ambigram
    Ambigram是指把一个单词或短语写成对称的样子，这样从两个不同的角度看这个图形都能读出这个单词或短语。例如，下面一个图形就是单词Ambigram的Ambigram：
      

    ambigram.com的首页有个这样的图片：
      

    Wikipedia上有这样一个Ambigram：
      

    最后来看一个左右轴对称的Ambigram（献丑了）：
      

    Erich Friedman教授为他的朋友创作了很多Ambigram。你可以在他的个人主页上看到。

Alphametic
    Alphametic是指，把一句话写成加法算式，每一个字母表示一个数字，那么这个“虫食算”有唯一解。最常见的Alphametic可能是这个：
    SEND + MORE = MONEY
    它的唯一解是9567 + 1085 = 10652

    另一些Alphametic如下：
    FIFTY + STATES = AMERICA
    TERRIBLE + NUMBER = THIRTEEN
    EARTH + AIR + FIRE + WATER = NATURE
    SATURN + URANUS + NEPTUNE + PLUTO = PLANETS

    1969年，有人发现了这样一个有趣的Alphametic：
    THREE + THREE + TWO + TWO + ONE = ELEVEN

    这样的Alphametic叫做Doubly-True Alphametic。可以证明上面这个Doubly-True Alphametic是合法的Alphametic中“最小的”一个。另外两个稍微大一点的Doubly-True Alphametic为：
    SEVEN + SEVEN + SIX = TWENTY
    EIGHT + EIGHT + TWO + ONE + ONE = TWENTY

Mnemonic
    Mnemonic本意是可以帮助记忆的句子。例如，我原来记together这个单词就记作We want to get her。再比如，arithmetic可以记作A Rat In Tom's House Might Eat Tom's Ice Cream（每个单词的首字母）。当然，也有一些专门搞笑的Mnemonic，比如Microsoft = Most Intelligent Customers Realize Our Software Only Fools Them，而Macintosh = Most Applications Crash. If Not, The Operating System Hangs。
    数学家George Pólya（就是Pólya置换定理的那个Pólya）曾说过一句经典的话：How I need a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy chapters involving quantum mechanics! 依次数出每个单词的字母个数，你会惊讶的发现它正好是圆周率的前15位。后来又有人在后面加上一句All of thy geometry, Herr Planck, is fairly hard，让圆周率长度增加到24位。另一些圆周率的Mnemonic如下：
    Can I have a large container of orange juice?
    May I have a white telephone, or pastel color?
    How I wish I could calculate pi faster.
    For a girl I loved contrived; by nature tough, her heart survived.

    下面这首诗给出了圆周率的前740位。其中10个字母的单词表示一个数字0，字母数大于10的单词则表示两位数。

Poe, E.
      Near a Raven

Midnights so dreary, tired and weary.
    Silently pondering volumes extolling all by-now obsolete lore.
During my rather long nap – the weirdest tap!
    An ominous vibrating sound disturbing my chamber's antedoor.
        "This", I whispered quietly, "I ignore".

Perfectly, the intellect remembers: the ghostly fires, a glittering ember.
    Inflamed by lightning's outbursts, windows cast penumbras upon this floor.
Sorrowful, as one mistreated, unhappy thoughts I heeded:
    That inimitable lesson in elegance – Lenore –
        Is delighting, exciting…nevermore.

Ominously, curtains parted (my serenity outsmarted),
    And fear overcame my being – the fear of "forevermore".
Fearful foreboding abided, selfish sentiment confided,
    As I said, "Methinks mysterious traveler knocks afore.
        A man is visiting, of age threescore."

Taking little time, briskly addressing something: "Sir," (robustly)
    "Tell what source originates clamorous noise afore?
Disturbing sleep unkindly, is it you a-tapping, so slyly?
    Why, devil incarnate!–" Here completely unveiled I my antedoor–
        Just darkness, I ascertained – nothing more.

While surrounded by darkness then, I persevered to clearly comprehend.
    I perceived the weirdest dream…of everlasting "nevermores".
Quite, quite, quick nocturnal doubts fled – such relief! – as my intellect said,
    (Desiring, imagining still) that perchance the apparition was uttering a whispered "Lenore".
        This only, as evermore.

Silently, I reinforced, remaining anxious, quite scared, afraid,
    While intrusive tap did then come thrice – O, so stronger than sounded afore.
"Surely" (said silently) "it was the banging, clanging window lattice."
    Glancing out, I quaked, upset by horrors hereinbefore,
        Perceiving: a "nevermore".

Completely disturbed, I said, "Utter, please, what prevails ahead.
    Repose, relief, cessation, or but more dreary 'nevermores'?"
The bird intruded thence – O, irritation ever since! –
    Then sat on Pallas' pallid bust, watching me (I sat not, therefore),
        And stated "nevermores".

Bemused by raven's dissonance, my soul exclaimed, "I seek intelligence;
    Explain thy purpose, or soon cease intoning forlorn 'nevermores'!"
"Nevermores", winged corvus proclaimed – thusly was a raven named?
    Actually maintain a surname, upon Pluvious seashore?
        I heard an oppressive "nevermore".

My sentiments extremely pained, to perceive an utterance so plain,
    Most interested, mystified, a meaning I hoped for.
"Surely," said the raven's watcher, "separate discourse is wiser.
    Therefore, liberation I'll obtain, retreating heretofore –
        Eliminating all the 'nevermores' ".

Still, the detestable raven just remained, unmoving, on sculptured bust.
    Always saying "never" (by a red chamber's door).
A poor, tender heartache maven – a sorrowful bird – a raven!
    O, I wished thoroughly, forthwith, that he&#
39;d fly heretofore.
        Still sitting, he recited "nevermores".

The raven's dirge induced alarm – "nevermore" quite wearisome.
    I meditated: "Might its utterances summarize of a calamity before?"
O, a sadness was manifest – a sorrowful cry of unrest;
    "O," I thought sincerely, "it's a melancholy great – furthermore,
        Removing doubt, this explains 'nevermores' ".

Seizing just that moment to sit – closely, carefully, advancing beside it,
    Sinking down, intrigued, where velvet cushion lay afore.
A creature, midnight-black, watched there – it studied my soul, unawares.
    Wherefore, explanations my insight entreated for.
        Silently, I pondered the "nevermores".

"Disentangle, nefarious bird! Disengage – I am disturbed!"
    Intently its eye burned, raising the cry within my core.
"That delectable Lenore – whose velvet pillow this was, heretofore,
    Departed thence, unsettling my consciousness therefore.
        She's returning – that maiden – aye, nevermore."

Since, to me, that thought was madness, I renounced continuing sadness.
    Continuing on, I soundly, adamantly forswore:
"Wretch," (addressing blackbird only) "fly swiftly – emancipate me!"
    "Respite, respite, detestable raven – and discharge me, I implore!"
        A ghostly answer of: "nevermore".

" 'Tis a prophet? Wraith? Strange devil? or the ultimate evil?"
    "Answer, tempter-sent creature!", I inquired, like before.
"Forlorn, though firmly undaunted, with 'nevermores' quite indoctrinated,
    Is everything depressing, generating great sorrow evermore?
        I am subdued!", I then swore.

In answer, the raven turned – relentless distress it spurned.
    "Comfort, surcease, quiet, silence!" – pleaded I for.
"Will my (abusive raven!) sorrows persist unabated?
    Nevermore Lenore respondeth?", adamantly I encored.
        The appeal was ignored.

"O, satanic inferno's denizen — go!", I said boldly, standing then.
    "Take henceforth loathsome "nevermores" – O, to an ugly Plutonian shore!
Let nary one expression, O bird, remain still here, replacing mirth.
    Promptly leave and retreat!", I resolutely swore.
        Blackbird's riposte: "nevermore".

So he sitteth, observing always, perching ominously on these doorways.
    Squatting on the stony bust so untroubled, O therefore.
Suffering stark raven's conversings, so I am condemned, subserving,
    To a nightmare cursed, containing miseries galore.
        Thus henceforth, I'll rise (from a darkness, a grave) — nevermore!

                        — original: E. Poe
                        — Redone by measuring circles.

Lipogram
    看看下面这句话有什么问题？

This is an unusual paragraph. I'm curious how quickly you can find out what is so unusual about it. It looks so plain you would think nothing was wrong with it! In fact, nothing is wrong with it! It is unusual though. Study it, and think about it, but you still may not find anything odd. But if you work at it a bit, you might find out! Try to do so without any coaching!

    答案：这段话里竟然没有一个字母e ！
    Lipogram就是指的这样一个段落（甚至文章），里面缺少某个常用的字母。在所有的Lipogram中，写一个没有字母e的文章是最难的，因为字母e出现的频率最高。
    看一个比较长的Lipogram。下面这篇文章里硬是没有一个字母e！

Looking at this paragraph with confusion? I'll aid you slightly. Is any odd gap, lacuna or omission obvious to you? Got it now? No?

That's right – this is a lipogram – a book, paragraph or similar thing in writing that lacks a symbol, particularly (but not always) that symbol fifth in rank out of our 26 script-signs (found amidst 'd' and 'f'), which stands for a sound such as that in 'kiwi'. I won't bring it up right now, to avoid spoiling it. I could play with lipograms morning, noon and night. So it is with joy that I submit to you this location – truly, a loquacious location – for lipogram fanatics to join as a unit to glorify this form of wordplay.

As far as I know, this location has a distinct honour: it contains such an abundant quantity of words without using this taboo glyph that no WWW location can outmatch it. As of right now, it contains 1500 words without any hint of that symbol. Naturally, many long lipograms abound in print, including books, rhyming stanzas, and similar works of fiction. Most notably, La Disparition (A Void) by a famous author of a writing group known as Oulipo, stands out as a paragon of lipogrammaticity. I cannot aim to surpass it, but as a fan, I can look upon it with admiration.

Writing lipograms is, as you might think, a difficult task. In my lingo, 2/3 of all words contain that symbol which I am now avoiding, including many common pronouns and similar words commonly found in writing. Without using abbrvs., slang and odd jargon, which most purists scorn as cop-outs, it's darn tough to impart information in a stylistically satisfying way. Stripping paragraphs of particular symbols has a way of making looking at lipograms jarring. No doubt about it, a lipogram is a particularly arduous form of wordplay.

Having said this, acquiring a knack for lipogram composition isn't that hard, and may assist you in your non-lipogrammatic writing. Not to say that I'm without aid in this activity; my dictionary is always handy, as is a book with synonyms for words. And, notwithstanding any drawbacks flowing from passing many an hour looking for unusual ways to say ordinary things, it might aid your socialization skills. Chicks truly dig lipogrammatists, or so my old lady says.

Sadly, a handful of critics find lipograms ridiculous, ugly or without worth (as fiction or as wordplay). To such sorry saps, I say only that in constraining your thoughts and writing in a particular way aids in promoting branching paths of thought, thus amplifying vocabulary and instilling adroit linguistic skills among both young and old. By putting into praxis ways of thinking that wouldn't occur normally, lipograms call for authors to look at writing as an activity in ways that, frankly, wouldn't occur to such niggling adjudicators of linguistic conduct.

Withholding a symbol found in so many words has drastic symptoms that disallow many topics of discussion. (From this point on, I'll stick to talking about that sign I'm skipping right now). Using math is almost an impossibility; you can only main
tain 15 of all non-digital words for cardinal quantity up to 100, and hardly any at all past that point, though using digits is a good way out. You can go north or south, but talking about circumnavigating our world latitudinally is an impossibility. How can I possibly talk about various kinds of malt liquor, or parts of my body, without it? To top it all off, as an Anglo, strict prohibitions apply to naming of my own form of linguistic communication. I ought to thank my lucky stars that I'm not writing in lipogrammatic français, though, which holds on to only an octal portion of its original vocabulary.

But all is not lost. Surprisingly, profanity is mostly intact. As a practicing lipogrammatist, you'll find you want many such words, for it is a task so awkward as to call for cussing and cursing on a normal basis. A world map is truly a blissful oasis; my country (Canada) is totally satisfactory, as with most toponyms for nations (111 out of 186, by my count); with a bit of work, USA, UK, and so on, can still show up, and with twin island nations Trinidad and Tobago and Antigua and Barbuda (both with 17 glyphs) topping my list for prolongation. Musicians (particularly classical artists), astonishingly, hold firm as topics of discussion, with Bach, Bartok, Brahms, Chopin, Dvorak, Haydn, Holst, Liszt, Mozart, orff, Puccini, Rachmaninov, Rossini, Scarlatti, Schumann, Strauss, Stravinsky, Tchaikovsky and Vivaldi void of my lost non-consonant.

An additional branch of family Lipogrammatica consists of univocalics. This form of wordplay is akin to a lipogram, but contains a solitary sign that's not a consonant. To wit, a univocalic might omit 'a', 'i', 'o', and 'u' (but what about 'y'?). A univocalic has a sonorant quality that a lipogram lacks, so you must look at a lipogram, but contrarily, a univocalic is both auditory and visual, and has a strong sound if said aloud. Univocalic writing is hard to pull off, but if it's good, its payoff is gigantic.

另外推荐本Blog里的两个相关内容：
http://www.matrix67.com/blog/article.asp?id=104
http://www.matrix67.com/blog/article.asp?id=173

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